Description
A major issue facing colloidal quantum dot (CQD) solar cells is the large open-circuit voltage (Voc) deficit due to sub-bandgap trap states. Recent advances in architecture engineering using bulk nano-heterojunction (BNH) active layers achieved by mixing ZnO and PbS in layer-by-layer processing have dramatically reduced Voc deficit. In addition, high concentration, single-step active-layer deposition has yielded record devices with enhanced ligand exchange and higher packing density that exhibit a sharper bandtail. We explore the role of ligands at the BNH using single-step deposition to further decrease Voc deficit.